Chemistry Articles   

Chemistry is the science concerned with the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Chemistry can be called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology.

Geometry is a part of mathematics concerned with questions of size, shape, and relative position of figures and with properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences where the answers to basic questions are only approximations.

Clove oil is extracted from Eugenia caryophyllata of the Myrtaceae family.It is a native of Indonesia and the Malacca Islands.It is an evergreen tree that grows to about 10 meters tall and has bright green leaves and nail shaped rose peach flower buds which turn, upon drying, a deep red brown. These buds are removed from the tree and dried.

Jatamanshi oil also known as Spikenard Oil is derived from the roots of Nardostachys Jatamansi. It belongs to family Valerianaceae.

The oil is produced by steam distillation of the dried leaves of Pogostemon Cablin,a native of Philippine Islands and Indonesia where the bulk of today's patchouli oil is produced.
The plant is cultivated for production of essential oil in Sumatra, Malaya, the Seychelle islands and China and, on a smaller scale in Japan, Brazil, Mauritius and India.

Most of the reactions in living organisms are catalyzed by protein molecules called enzymes. Enzymes can rightly be called the catalytic machinery of living systems. The real break through of enzymes occurred with the introduction of microbial proteases into washing powders. The first commercial bacterial Bacillus protease was marketed in 1959 and major detergent manufactures started to use it around 1965.

The industrial enzyme producers sell enzymes for a wide variety of applications. The estimated value of world market is presently about US $ 2 billion . Detergents (37 %), textiles (12 %), starch (11 %), baking (8 %) and animal feed (6 %) are the main industries, which use about 75 % of industrially produced enzymes.

Agarwood oil is obtained by steam distillation of wood pieces of the fungus infected species of Aquillaria Agallocha. The black variety of the wood gives the best quality of the oil. It grows in Assam forest of India,Cambodia,Taiwan,Vietnam,etc. Agarwood oil has a complex woody,ambery,oilbanum type of odour.
It is highly appreciated by perfumers all over the world. But, due to its scarcity & increasing demand ,its prices shot upto $14000-18000 per kg of Indian variety oil. The oil from Cambodia &Taiwan is not comparable to Indian variety,hence it is cheaper.
Using original oil in the perfume formulations even at 1% is adding heavy cost to the formulations .
Many attempts are being carried-out to find-out a cheaper substitute for Agarwood oil in the form of a formulation using known and cheaper aroma ingredients.

Amyris oil is obtained by steam distillation of the wood from Amyris balsamifera which mainly grows in Haiti.

It has a woody, slightly sweet, balsamic aroma, suggestive of sandalwood.

Guerbet alcohols are the beta branched primary alcohols, which are the condensation products of alcohols. This chemistry has made possible the synthesis of regiospecific, beta-branched hydrophobe which introduces high-purity branching into the molecule. The chemistry has resulted in the preparation of many materials that find applications in metal lubrication, plastic mold release, paper processing, and personal care products.

Dill seed oil is an essential component of the fragrances. Natural oil is quite expensive, but it can be substituted by the following blend.
It works-out cheaper and the aroma is quite close to the natural oil. This blend can be used as a direct replacement of natural oil in fragrance formulations.